1.Types of Engineering Materials ?
| Type of Material | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Metals | Materials with high strength, ductility, and good electrical/thermal conductivity. Commonly used in structural and mechanical applications. | Steel, Aluminum, Copper |
| Polymers | Long-chain organic materials with low density, good corrosion resistance, and easy manufacturability. Generally weaker than metals. | PVC, Nylon, Polyethylene |
| Ceramics | Hard, brittle, heat-resistant inorganic materials. Excellent in high-temperature and wear applications. | Glass, Porcelain, Silicon Carbide |
| Composites | Combination of two or more materials to get superior properties. High strength-to-weight ratio. | CFRP, GFRP |
| Semiconductors | Materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Used in electronic and computing devices. | Silicon, Germanium |
| Smart Materials | Materials that change properties with temperature, stress, or magnetic field. Used in advanced systems. | Shape Memory Alloys, Piezoelectrics |
2.Important Mechanical Properties of Metals ?
| Mechanical Property | Simple Definition |
|---|---|
| Strength | Ability of a metal to withstand an applied load without failure. Includes tensile, compressive, and shear strength. |
| Hardness | Resistance to indentation, scratching, or wear. Indicates surface durability. |
| Ductility | Ability to deform plastically without breaking. Measured by % elongation. |
| Malleability | Ability to be shaped or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. |
| Toughness | Ability to absorb energy before fracture. Combination of strength and ductility. |
| Elasticity | Ability to return to original shape after removing the load. Governed by Young’s modulus. |
| Plasticity | Property that allows permanent deformation under load. Useful in forming processes. |
| Creep | Time-dependent slow deformation under constant load at high temperature. |
| Fatigue Strength | Ability to resist failure under repeated or cyclic loading. |
| Resilience | Ability to store energy and release it when the load is removed (elastic energy). |
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